1.瀝青混凝土總述

　　1. Overview of Asphalt Concrete

　　瀝青混合料是由礦料與瀝青結(jié)合料拌和而成的混合料的總稱。按材料組成及結(jié)構(gòu)分為連續(xù)級配、間斷級配混合料。按礦料級配組成及空隙率大小分為密級配、半開級配、開級配混合料。按公稱最大粒徑的大小可分為特粗式（公稱最大粒徑大于31.5mm）、粗粒式（公稱最大粒徑等于或大于26.5mm）、中粒式（公稱最大粒徑16mm或19mm）、細(xì)粒式（公稱最大粒徑9.5mm或13.2mm）、砂粒式（公稱最大粒徑小于9.5mm）瀝青混合料。按制造工藝分為熱拌瀝青混合料、冷拌瀝青混合料、再生瀝青混合料等。

　　Asphalt mixture is a general term for a mixture made by mixing mineral aggregate and asphalt binder. According to material composition and structure, it can be divided into continuous graded and intermittent graded mixtures. According to the composition of mineral aggregate grading and the size of void ratio, it is divided into dense graded, semi open graded, and open graded mixtures. According to the nominal maximum particle size, asphalt mixtures can be divided into ultra coarse type (nominal maximum particle size greater than 31.5mm), coarse type (nominal maximum particle size equal to or greater than 26.5mm), medium type (nominal maximum particle size 16mm or 19mm), fine type (nominal maximum particle size 9.5mm or 13.2mm), and sand type (nominal maximum particle size less than 9.5mm) asphalt mixtures. According to the manufacturing process, it can be divided into hot mix asphalt mixture, cold mix asphalt mixture, recycled asphalt mixture, etc.

　　2.質(zhì)量管理與控制的內(nèi)容

　　2. Content of Quality Management and Control

　　與其他產(chǎn)品一樣，瀝青混凝土路面也是工、料、機(jī)三個(gè)主要因素結(jié)合而生產(chǎn)出來的。因此，瀝青混凝土路面的質(zhì)量管理與控制就是對工、料、機(jī)的管理與控制。

　　Like other products, asphalt concrete pavement is also produced by combining the three main factors of labor, materials, and machinery. Therefore, the quality management and control of asphalt concrete pavement is the management and control of labor, materials, and machinery.

　　2.1 對人的管理

　　2.1 Management of people

　　生產(chǎn)過程中各工序和主要崗位(含管理人員)必須由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人員或經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)取得上崗資格的人員操作或管理。要有明確、嚴(yán)格的崗位責(zé)任制。要有嚴(yán)格的獎(jiǎng)懲措施。要把每個(gè)人的切身利益與產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量緊密聯(lián)系起來。使他們既有干好的技能。又有干好的愿望和動(dòng)力。要經(jīng)常對全體員工進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量重要性的教育。特別是各級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須牢固樹立質(zhì)量是企業(yè)生命的思想。

　　Each process and main position (including management personnel) in the production process must be operated or managed by experienced personnel or personnel who have obtained job qualifications through training. There should be a clear and strict job responsibility system. There should be strict reward and punishment measures. We need to closely link everyone's personal interests with the quality of the product. Enable them to possess excellent skills. There is also a desire and motivation to do well. Regularly educate all employees on the importance of product quality. Especially leaders at all levels must firmly establish the idea that quality is the life of the enterprise.

　　2.2 原材料的管理與控制

　　2.2 Management and Control of Raw Materials

　　對用于永久性工程的材料。免費(fèi)論文參考網(wǎng)。應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按有關(guān)規(guī)定和要求進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)。把好原材料質(zhì)量關(guān)。保證使用的原材料全部合格。對各種混合料的管理與控制。首先是抓配合比設(shè)計(jì)。使用于生產(chǎn)的配合比設(shè)計(jì)理想。然后是抓生產(chǎn)過程中的質(zhì)量管理與控制。對瀝青混合料來說。一是控制好油石比和礦料級配。二是控制好各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的溫度。發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時(shí)調(diào)整。這兩個(gè)問題控制好了。質(zhì)量就有保證。對半剛性基層、底基層混合料主要是控制好水泥、石灰等穩(wěn)定材料的劑量。這是保證強(qiáng)度符合要求的主要因素，不得減料，必須用足；其次是生石灰消解要充分，過篩要嚴(yán)格，防止未消解的石灰塊，否則將造成路面拱起；此外，含水量要適當(dāng)，否則難以壓實(shí)。

　　For materials used in permanent projects. Free paper reference website. Quality inspection should be strictly carried out in accordance with relevant regulations and requirements. Ensure the quality of raw materials. Ensure that all raw materials used are qualified. Management and control of various mixtures. Firstly, focus on the design of the mix proportion. Ideal mix design for production. Next is to focus on quality management and control in the production process. For asphalt mixtures. One is to control the oil stone ratio and mineral grading well. The second is to control the temperature of each link well. Identify problems and make timely adjustments. These two issues have been controlled. Quality is guaranteed. The main focus of semi-rigid base and subbase mixtures is to control the dosage of stabilizing materials such as cement and lime. This is the main factor to ensure that the strength meets the requirements, and the material must not be reduced and must be used sufficiently; Secondly, the digestion of quicklime should be sufficient, and the screening should be strict to prevent undissolved lime blocks, otherwise it will cause the road surface to arch; In addition, the moisture content should be appropriate, otherwise it will be difficult to compact.

　　2.3對施工機(jī)械的管理

　　2.3 Management of Construction Machinery

　　先進(jìn)、良好的機(jī)械設(shè)備是保證質(zhì)量、提高效率、加快進(jìn)度與改善勞動(dòng)條件的基礎(chǔ)。機(jī)械管理主要是讓各種路面施工機(jī)械處于良好狀態(tài)、充分發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的作用。拌和廠和工地應(yīng)有一個(gè)精干的機(jī)械維修小組并配備足夠、適用的機(jī)具和易損零配件。免費(fèi)論文參考網(wǎng)。一旦發(fā)生故障應(yīng)能很快排除或修復(fù)。各類操作機(jī)手應(yīng)持證上崗，嚴(yán)格按操作規(guī)程運(yùn)行。漏油的機(jī)械、車輛不應(yīng)上路，以避免給路面造成污染和損壞。

　　Advanced and good mechanical equipment is the foundation for ensuring quality, improving efficiency, accelerating progress, and improving working conditions. Mechanical management mainly aims to keep various road construction machinery in good condition and fully utilize their intended functions. The mixing plant and construction site should have a lean mechanical maintenance team equipped with sufficient and suitable machinery and vulnerable parts. Free paper reference website. Once a malfunction occurs, it should be able to be quickly resolved or repaired. All types of operators should hold certificates and operate strictly in accordance with the operating procedures. Oil leaking machinery and vehicles should not be driven on the road to avoid pollution and damage to the road surface.

　　瀝青路面質(zhì)量的好壞主要取決于瀝青混凝土及其攤鋪質(zhì)量。間歇式拌合站的工作原理是中央控制室發(fā)出開機(jī)命令后，冷料倉的骨料落入各熱料倉室。各骨料和粉料各由稱量斗內(nèi)電子稱計(jì)量，隨后投入拌合之內(nèi)，稱量好后的熱瀝青隨后噴入缸內(nèi)。各種料攪拌后，形成成品，卸到料斗里，最后通過卸料閘門將成品料放到運(yùn)輸車上。骨料的運(yùn)送、烘干、篩分以及粉料和瀝青的輸送是可控的、按周期進(jìn)行。

　　The quality of asphalt pavement mainly depends on the quality of asphalt concrete and its paving. The working principle of the intermittent mixing station is that after the central control room issues a startup command, the aggregates from the cold bin fall into each hot bin room. Each aggregate and powder is measured by an electronic scale in the weighing hopper, and then put into the mixing process. The weighed hot asphalt is then sprayed into the tank. After mixing various materials, finished products are formed and discharged into the hopper. Finally, the finished materials are placed on the transport vehicle through the discharge gate. The transportation, drying, screening of aggregates, as well as the transportation of powder and asphalt, are controllable and carried out on a periodic basis.

　　瀝青混凝土拌合站生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量的質(zhì)量主要體現(xiàn)在它的指標(biāo)——穩(wěn)定度和流值，而穩(wěn)定度和流值表征高溫時(shí)混合料的穩(wěn)定性和抗變形能力，實(shí)際上是反映瀝青混凝土的材料強(qiáng)度和材料形成后變形能力的指標(biāo)。所以我們控制混合料的質(zhì)量應(yīng)從如下主要方面做起。

　　The quality of asphalt concrete mixing plant production is mainly reflected in its indicators - stability and flow value, which characterize the stability and deformation resistance of the mixture at high temperatures. In fact, stability and flow value are indicators that reflect the material strength and deformation ability of asphalt concrete after material formation. So we should start controlling the quality of the mixture from the following main aspects.

　　一、礦料

　　1、 Mineral material

　　粗礦料是粒徑是2.36～25mm的碎石，需要在混凝土面層通過集料顆粒的嵌鎖作用提供穩(wěn)定性和通過摩擦力作用抵抗位移。這就要求它的力學(xué)性質(zhì)應(yīng)滿足瀝青混凝土技術(shù)要求，并且具有一定的形狀（形狀影響混凝土密實(shí)度，高溫穩(wěn)定性和路面結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度）。要求粗集料是破碎后有粗糙表面和棱角的正方體顆粒。針片狀含量低，集料間還有較高的內(nèi)摩擦力。

　　Coarse aggregate is a type of crushed stone with a particle size of 2.36-25mm, which needs to provide stability through the interlocking effect of aggregate particles on the concrete surface layer and resist displacement through frictional force. This requires that its mechanical properties meet the technical requirements of asphalt concrete and have a certain shape (shape affects the compactness of concrete, high temperature stability, and pavement structural strength). Coarse aggregate is required to be cubic particles with rough surfaces and sharp edges after crushing. Low needle like content and high internal friction between aggregates.

　　二、細(xì)集料

　　2、 Fine aggregate

　　細(xì)集料是指粒徑在0.075～2.36mm之間的破碎巖石，礦碴和礦粉要求清潔干凈，不含粘土和其他有害物質(zhì)，應(yīng)有可能的棱角從而增加顆粒間的嵌鎖作用和減少集料間孔隙，增加混合料的穩(wěn)定性。

　　Fine aggregate refers to broken rocks with a particle size between 0.075 and 2.36mm. Mineral slag and powder should be clean, free of clay and other harmful substances, and have possible edges to increase interlocking between particles and reduce pores between aggregates, thereby increasing the stability of the mixture.

　　三、瀝青

　　3、 Asphalt

　　在使用前檢查瀝青的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)是否符合交通石油瀝青技術(shù)要求，包括針入度、強(qiáng)度、軟化點(diǎn)、閃點(diǎn)，熔解度、含蠟量、薄膜烘箱加熱試驗(yàn)指標(biāo)。瀝青標(biāo)號應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂蚯闆r選取，選用瀝青標(biāo)號越高，針入度越大，稠度越低。適用氣溫越低的地區(qū)，這樣筑成的路面的低溫抗裂性越好，但高溫穩(wěn)定性較差。通常根據(jù)層面的不同選用不同的型號瀝青，表面層應(yīng)采用較稀的瀝青，以提高表面層的抗裂性能。而中、下層采用較稠的瀝青以提高其抗車轍能力。瀝青的稠度越高，針入度PI指數(shù)越高，路面的高溫穩(wěn)定性和抗車轍能力越強(qiáng)，但溫抗裂性差。所以施工可以在石油瀝青中摻加各種改性劑，以提高瀝青路面的高溫穩(wěn)定性和低溫搞裂性。含蠟量也應(yīng)控制在3%以下，含蠟量過高，會(huì)影響路面的高溫穩(wěn)定和低溫抗裂，也會(huì)影響瀝青的粘附性。

　　Before use, check whether the various indicators of asphalt meet the technical requirements of transportation petroleum asphalt, including penetration, strength, softening point, flash point, melting point, wax content, and film oven heating test indicators. The asphalt grade should be selected according to the local climate conditions. The higher the asphalt grade, the greater the penetration and the lower the viscosity. The lower the temperature, the better the low-temperature crack resistance of the road surface constructed in this way, but the high-temperature stability is poor. Usually, different types of asphalt are selected based on the different layers, and thinner asphalt should be used for the surface layer to improve its crack resistance. And thicker asphalt is used in the middle and lower layers to improve their resistance to rutting. The higher the viscosity of asphalt, the higher the penetration PI index, and the stronger the high-temperature stability and anti rutting ability of the road surface, but the thermal crack resistance is poor. So various modifiers can be added to petroleum asphalt during construction to improve the high-temperature stability and low-temperature cracking of asphalt pavement. The wax content should also be controlled below 3%. If the wax content is too high, it will affect the high-temperature stability and low-temperature crack resistance of the road surface, as well as the adhesion of asphalt.

　　四、配合比的控制

　　4、 Control of mix proportion

　　目標(biāo)配合比的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)從反復(fù)試驗(yàn)中選取，定出各級配的數(shù)量后，進(jìn)行馬歇爾試驗(yàn)，確定最佳瀝青用量，從而確定各規(guī)格料倉的配料比例。經(jīng)過給料時(shí)間先后順序，使被加熱的新礦料在干燥筒的燃燒口一端的出料口從內(nèi)筒流到外筒內(nèi)艙中，與同時(shí)到達(dá)的填充料等混合料經(jīng)干攪，從卸料口排出，混合料進(jìn)行篩分、調(diào)整各規(guī)格料倉和填充料的配合比，直至關(guān)鍵篩孔通過率與目標(biāo)級配范圍中值的誤差在規(guī)定值內(nèi)。

　　The design of the target mix proportion should be selected from repeated experiments. After determining the quantity of each level of mix, Marshall tests should be conducted to determine the optimal asphalt dosage and thus determine the proportioning of each specification silo. After the feeding time sequence, the heated new mineral material flows from the inner cylinder to the inner compartment of the outer cylinder through the discharge port at one end of the combustion port of the drying cylinder. It is then mixed with the filling material and other materials that arrive at the same time and discharged from the discharge port. The mixture is screened and the mix proportions of various specifications of material bins and filling materials are adjusted until the error between the critical sieve pass rate and the median value of the target grading range is within the specified value.

　　五、溫度控制

　　5、 Temperature control

　　在《規(guī)范》中，瀝青加熱控制在150～170℃，礦料溫度比瀝青高10～20℃，混合料出廠溫度為140～155℃，瀝青混合料成品料出廠溫度直接影響攤鋪質(zhì)量和碾壓質(zhì)量，運(yùn)輸?shù)綌備仚C(jī)使用時(shí)，溫度控制在135～150℃之間，最初碾壓溫度不能低于135℃，最后碾壓溫度不低于110℃，開放交通不高于60℃，生產(chǎn)過程中隨時(shí)檢測成品料溫度，及時(shí)反饋給操作室，控好溫度。

　　In the "Specification", the heating of asphalt is controlled at 150-170 ℃, the temperature of mineral aggregate is 10-20 ℃ higher than that of asphalt, and the factory temperature of the mixture is 140-155 ℃. The factory temperature of the finished asphalt mixture directly affects the paving and rolling quality. When transported to the paver for use, the temperature is controlled between 135-150 ℃. The initial rolling temperature should not be lower than 135 ℃, and the final rolling temperature should not be lower than 110 ℃. The open traffic temperature should not be higher than 60 ℃. During the production process, the temperature of the finished material should be detected at any time, and timely feedback should be given to the operating room to control the temperature.

　　瀝青混凝土的攤鋪溫度根據(jù)氣溫變化進(jìn)行調(diào)整。一般正常施工控制在不低于110～130℃，但不超過165℃。

　　The paving temperature of asphalt concrete is adjusted according to changes in temperature. The normal construction temperature is generally controlled at not less than 110-130 ℃, but not exceeding 165 ℃.

　　瀝青混凝土攤鋪?zhàn)⒁馐马?xiàng)如下：

　　The precautions for asphalt concrete paving are as follows:

　　1、檢查下承層

　　1. Check the underlying layer

　　2、瀝青混合料配比設(shè)計(jì)，一是要確定礦料的配合比例，二是確定瀝青用量。

　　2. The design of asphalt mixture ratio involves determining the mix proportion of mineral aggregate and the amount of asphalt used.

　　3、 瀝青拌合：用間歇式拌合機(jī)

　　3. Asphalt mixing: using an intermittent mixer

　　4、瀝青運(yùn)輸：防水、保溫、防粘，

　　4. Asphalt transportation: waterproofing, insulation, anti sticking,

　　5、攤鋪：溫度不低于110℃～130℃，用兩臺(tái)以上的攤鋪機(jī)連續(xù)均勻攤鋪

　　5. Paving: The temperature should not be lower than 110 ℃~130 ℃, and two or more pavers should be used for continuous and uniform paving

　　6、碾壓：2～3臺(tái)壓路機(jī)碾壓，碾壓完成溫度不低于65℃，分初壓、復(fù)壓和終壓三階段，霧狀噴水防粘輪等等

　　6. Rolling: 2-3 road rollers are used for rolling, with a completion temperature of no less than 65 ℃. The rolling process is divided into three stages: initial rolling, secondary rolling, and final rolling, and includes fog spray anti sticking wheels, etc

　　7、施工中，往輪碾上噴灑水的時(shí)侯，要注意控制噴灑量，以防降低混合料溫度，要采用霧狀噴灑器。在混合料接縫處或冷熱搭接處，要采用橫縫橫壓。

　　7. During construction, when spraying water onto the roller, attention should be paid to controlling the spraying amount to prevent a decrease in the temperature of the mixture. A mist sprayer should be used. At the joint of the mixture or the cold and hot overlap, horizontal joint compression should be used.

　　8、施工中隨時(shí)檢查

　　8. Check at any time during construction

　　9、碾壓完成當(dāng)溫度降到65℃即可開放交通

　　9. Once the compaction is completed and the temperature drops to 65 ℃, traffic can be opened

　　10、不合格的原材料堅(jiān)決不能用于道路建設(shè)，抓好混合料配合比的試驗(yàn)，嚴(yán)格進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場檢測和室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)，這包括拌合廠、施工現(xiàn)場的各項(xiàng)溫度檢測與記錄，包括規(guī)定頻率的混合料馬氏試驗(yàn)、抽提試驗(yàn)等，還包括路面外形尺寸檢測記錄、路面厚度、壓實(shí)度、平整度檢測等等。

　　10. Unqualified raw materials must not be used for road construction. We must focus on testing the mix proportion of the mixture and strictly conduct on-site and indoor tests, including temperature monitoring and recording at the mixing plant and construction site, as well as testing for the specified frequency of the mixture's martensite test and extraction test. This also includes testing records for the external dimensions of the road surface, as well as testing for the thickness, compaction, and flatness of the road surface.

　　11、檢測資料的管理與分析是工程質(zhì)量建設(shè)的又一個(gè)方面，也是工程質(zhì)量的實(shí)際記錄。其中包括料場狀況、按工日的混合料拌和記錄、按工日的施工現(xiàn)場記錄、檢驗(yàn)資料的論定和反饋、按工日的工程質(zhì)量指標(biāo)圖表、工程質(zhì)量的動(dòng)態(tài)分析等等。

　　11. The management and analysis of testing data is another aspect of engineering quality construction, and it is also the actual record of engineering quality. This includes the condition of the material yard, mixing records of the mixture by working days, construction site records by working days, evaluation and feedback of inspection data, charts of engineering quality indicators by working days, dynamic analysis of engineering quality, and so on.

　　12、要對初壓、復(fù)壓、終壓段落設(shè)置明顯標(biāo)志，便于司機(jī)辯認(rèn)。對松鋪厚度、碾壓順序、碾壓遍數(shù)、碾壓速度及碾壓溫度應(yīng)設(shè)專崗檢查。

　　12. Clear signs should be set up for the initial compression, re compression, and final compression sections to facilitate the driver's recognition. A dedicated post should be set up to inspect the thickness of loose paving, rolling sequence, number of rolling passes, rolling speed, and rolling temperature.

　　13、嚴(yán)格控制碾壓溫度和遍數(shù)，防止過壓，造成過高密度或過低空隙率。

　　13. Strictly control the rolling temperature and number of passes to prevent overpressure, which may cause high density or low porosity.

　　六、油石比控制

　　6、 Oil stone ratio control

　　油石比是瀝青混凝土中瀝青質(zhì)量和砂等添加料質(zhì)量之比，是控制瀝青混凝土的最重要指標(biāo)，油石比過大，攤鋪碾壓后起“油餅”，油石比過小，混凝土料發(fā)散，碾壓不成形，都屬質(zhì)量事故。

　　The asphalt aggregate ratio is the ratio of asphalt quality to the quality of sand and other additives in asphalt concrete, and is the most important indicator for controlling asphalt concrete. Too large asphalt aggregate ratio, "Youbing (Deep-fried round and flat dough-cake)" after paving and rolling, too small asphalt aggregate ratio, concrete material divergence, and rolling failure are all quality accidents.

　　七、混合料的拌合

　　7、 Mixing of mixtures

　　要求所有礦料顆粒全部裹住瀝青，沒有不均勻包裹現(xiàn)象，無花白料，無結(jié)塊或嚴(yán)重離析現(xiàn)象，發(fā)現(xiàn)有燒焦碳化起泡和含水的混合料都要廢棄，通常拌合時(shí)間為45～90S之間，每天、每周都要隨時(shí)抽驗(yàn)料的各項(xiàng)技術(shù)指標(biāo)，并報(bào)請工程師批準(zhǔn)。

　　Require all mineral particles to be completely wrapped in asphalt, without uneven wrapping, white material, clumping or severe segregation. Any mixture found to be burnt, carbonized, foamed or containing water should be discarded. The usual mixing time is between 45 and 90 seconds, and various technical indicators of the material should be checked at any time every day and week, and approved by the engineer.

　　八、瀝青混凝土路面施工技術(shù)中常見問題

　　8、 Common Problems in Asphalt Concrete Pavement Construction Technology

　　1、  接縫離析問題

　　1. Joint segregation issue

　　縱觀我國的瀝青路面道路，路面顛簸、跳車現(xiàn)象較為常見，尤其是接縫處和道路構(gòu)造物兩側(cè)，嚴(yán)重影響行車速度及行車舒適性，嚴(yán)重時(shí)還可能造成交通事故。路面施工接縫分為縱向和橫向兩種接縫?？v向接縫主要出現(xiàn)在路面分幅攤鋪時(shí)；橫向接縫，也就是每天的工作縫，則是因?yàn)閿備仚C(jī)提起并重新歸位時(shí)產(chǎn)生的。

　　Throughout China's asphalt road surface, road bumps and jumping phenomena are quite common, especially at joints and on both sides of road structures, which seriously affect driving speed and comfort, and may even cause traffic accidents in severe cases. Road construction joints are divided into two types: longitudinal and transverse joints. Longitudinal joints mainly occur when the road surface is spread in sections; Horizontal joints, also known as daily work joints, are generated when the paver is lifted and repositioned.

　　接縫不良問題是瀝青混凝土路面施工中常見問題之一，其誘發(fā)原因多種多樣，若不注重對接縫部位的施工控制，則極易導(dǎo)致接縫離析，影響道路的使用壽命?？v觀當(dāng)前瀝青混凝土路面施工實(shí)際，碾壓方式選擇不當(dāng)，新舊集散料鋪設(shè)不合理等共性問題，也成為導(dǎo)致接縫離析問題的主要原因。因此，施工作業(yè)設(shè)備的選取，施工工藝的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和合理性，瀝青路面接縫處理的好壞，往往也能反映出一個(gè)施工隊(duì)伍的施工水平。

　　Poor joint quality is one of the common problems in asphalt concrete pavement construction, and its causes are diverse. If the construction control of joint parts is not paid attention to, it can easily lead to joint segregation and affect the service life of the road. Looking at the current practice of asphalt concrete pavement construction, common problems such as improper selection of compaction methods and unreasonable laying of new and old aggregate materials have also become the main causes of joint segregation. Therefore, the selection of construction equipment, the rigor and rationality of construction technology, and the quality of asphalt pavement joint treatment often reflect the construction level of a construction team.

　　1.2   車轍波浪問題

　　1.2 Car ruts and wave problems

　　隨著交通量及載重車輛的持續(xù)增長，車轍現(xiàn)象也同步增長。在車輛行駛過程中，道路會(huì)受到外來重力作用的影響，其負(fù)荷狀態(tài)出現(xiàn)起伏，久而久之造成路面車轍問題。車轍現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)，將大幅降低路面的平整度和路面結(jié)構(gòu)的整體性。隨著車轍數(shù)量的增多及深度的加大，就形成系統(tǒng)性車轍問題，即路面波浪。此外，部分道路施工質(zhì)量不達(dá)標(biāo)，包括施工材料的質(zhì)量控制不嚴(yán)格、不同材料的用量配比不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、壓實(shí)溫度及壓實(shí)度不符合規(guī)范等，同樣也為車轍波浪現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)埋下伏筆。

　　With the continuous increase of traffic volume and heavy vehicles, the phenomenon of rutting also increases synchronously. During vehicle operation, the road is affected by external gravity, causing fluctuations in its load state and eventually leading to rutting problems on the road surface. The occurrence of rutting will significantly reduce the smoothness of the road surface and the overall integrity of the road structure. As the number and depth of ruts increase, a systematic rutting problem, namely road surface waves, is formed. In addition, the construction quality of some roads does not meet the standards, including lax quality control of construction materials, inadequate proportioning of different materials, and non compliant compaction temperature and degree, which also lay the foundation for the occurrence of rutting and wave phenomena.

　　1.3   路面坑槽問題

　　1.3 Road pothole issues

　　路面坑槽是在行車作用下，路面骨料局部脫落而造成的路面塌陷，需要在施工過程中進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格控制。部分施工單位由于所采用的精細(xì)化施工管理措施不科學(xué)、施工工藝落后，為道路運(yùn)營階段出現(xiàn)路面坑槽問題埋下隱患。

　　Road potholes are caused by the partial detachment of road aggregates under the action of driving, resulting in road collapse, which needs to be strictly controlled during the construction process. Due to the adoption of unscientific refined construction management measures and outdated construction techniques, some construction units have planted hidden dangers for the occurrence of pavement potholes during the road operation phase.

　　2、  瀝青混凝土路面施工技術(shù)要點(diǎn)淺析

　　2. Analysis on the Key Points of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Construction Technology

　　2.1   施工前準(zhǔn)備工作

　　2.1 Preparation work before construction

　　準(zhǔn)備工作是全面做好瀝青混凝土路面施工的重要環(huán)節(jié)，對于整個(gè)路面工程的施工具有直接作用。施工前必須檢查各種材料的來源和質(zhì)量，嚴(yán)禁不符合規(guī)范技術(shù)要求的材料進(jìn)入現(xiàn)場。對材料的存放場地、防雨、排水措施進(jìn)行確認(rèn)，對各種施工機(jī)械和設(shè)備進(jìn)行調(diào)試。認(rèn)真檢驗(yàn)基層標(biāo)高是否符合要求、表面有無松散、平整度是否符合要求，保證基層表面干燥、清潔、無松散石料、灰塵與雜質(zhì)，防止瀝青混凝土材料與其他建筑雜質(zhì)的接觸或粘連，而影響瀝青混凝土的攤鋪效果。

　　Preparation work is an important link in the comprehensive construction of asphalt concrete pavement, which has a direct impact on the construction of the entire pavement project. Before construction, the sources and quality of various materials must be checked, and materials that do not meet the technical requirements of the specifications are strictly prohibited from entering the site. Confirm the storage site, rainproof and drainage measures for materials, and debug various construction machinery and equipment. Carefully inspect whether the elevation of the base meets the requirements, whether the surface is loose, and whether the flatness meets the requirements, ensuring that the base surface is dry, clean, free of loose stones, dust, and impurities, and preventing the contact or adhesion of asphalt concrete materials with other building impurities, which may affect the paving effect of asphalt concrete.

　　2.2   瀝青混凝土拌制與運(yùn)輸

　　2.2 Asphalt concrete mixing and transportation

　　目前瀝青混凝土的拌制方法有熱拌冷鋪和熱拌熱鋪兩種。上述兩種不同的拌制方法在拌制工藝及實(shí)施過程等方面各不相同，在后期施工效果等方面也存在明顯差異，應(yīng)根據(jù)路面施工環(huán)境及技術(shù)規(guī)范的要求，予以科學(xué)擇定。在施工現(xiàn)場設(shè)置試驗(yàn)檢測室和專用拌合站，將合格的混凝土原材料進(jìn)行充分?jǐn)嚢?，并將攪拌溫度控制在?guī)范要求的合適范圍內(nèi)。拌制完成的瀝青混凝土應(yīng)及時(shí)運(yùn)送到施工現(xiàn)場，期間既要防止殘液殘?jiān)z留，又要配足運(yùn)輸車輛，采取一定遮擋掩蓋等方式，避免運(yùn)輸過程中瀝青混凝土溫度的驟降。

　　At present, there are two methods for mixing asphalt concrete: hot mixing and cold laying, and hot mixing and hot laying. The above two different mixing methods have different mixing techniques and implementation processes, and there are also significant differences in later construction effects. They should be scientifically selected according to the requirements of the road construction environment and technical specifications. Set up testing rooms and dedicated mixing stations at the construction site, thoroughly mix qualified concrete raw materials, and control the mixing temperature within the appropriate range required by the specifications. The asphalt concrete that has been mixed should be transported to the construction site in a timely manner. During this period, it is necessary to prevent residual liquids and residues from being left behind, and sufficient transportation vehicles should be provided to avoid sudden drops in the temperature of the asphalt concrete during transportation.

　　2.3   攤鋪

　　2.3 Paving

　　在攤鋪瀝青混凝土前，應(yīng)對施工區(qū)域進(jìn)行充分清理，將存在于施工區(qū)域內(nèi)的雜物進(jìn)行徹底清除，確保路面基層表面干燥，無雜質(zhì)。檢查基層高程及平整度，符合要求后方可鋪設(shè)瀝青透層，透入基層表面孔隙，增強(qiáng)基層和面層間的粘性。采用特定性能的攤鋪施工機(jī)械設(shè)備，循序開展攤鋪施工，并對攤鋪效果進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)化檢驗(yàn)，預(yù)防各種不確定性因素的干涉,如圖1所示。為保護(hù)已攤鋪的瀝青層，應(yīng)避免無關(guān)人員進(jìn)入施工現(xiàn)場。對可能影響施工成果的因素，做好相應(yīng)的找補(bǔ)或修復(fù)措施，及時(shí)予以修復(fù)。強(qiáng)化攤鋪施工機(jī)械設(shè)備的控制，使其保持在連續(xù)穩(wěn)定工作狀態(tài)之中，防止因攤鋪機(jī)械設(shè)備故障而導(dǎo)致的路面施工缺陷問題。

　　Before laying asphalt concrete, the construction area should be thoroughly cleaned to remove any debris and ensure that the surface of the road base is dry and free of impurities. Check the elevation and flatness of the base layer. Only after meeting the requirements can the asphalt prime coat be laid, penetrating into the surface pores of the base layer to enhance the adhesion between the base layer and the surface layer. Using specific performance paving construction machinery and equipment, paving construction is carried out sequentially, and the paving effect is dynamically inspected to prevent interference from various uncertain factors, as shown in Figure 1. To protect the already laid asphalt layer, unrelated personnel should be avoided from entering the construction site. Take corresponding remedial or repair measures for factors that may affect the construction results, and promptly repair them. Strengthen the control of paving construction machinery and equipment to maintain a continuous and stable working state, and prevent road construction defects caused by paving machinery and equipment failures.

　　圖1   攤鋪施工流程示意

　　Figure 1 Schematic diagram of paving construction process

　　2.4   碾壓

　　2.4 Rolling compaction

　　在施工技術(shù)條件下，如何對瀝青混凝土路面進(jìn)行科學(xué)碾壓，確保碾壓強(qiáng)度與質(zhì)量，一直以來都是瀝青混凝土路面施工的重難點(diǎn)問題之一。在碾壓環(huán)節(jié)，必須根據(jù)相關(guān)施工技術(shù)工藝要求，選擇最為符合實(shí)際的碾壓設(shè)備。瀝青混凝土碾壓施工分為初壓、復(fù)壓和終壓三個(gè)階段，采用鋼輪振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)、膠輪壓路機(jī)等設(shè)備進(jìn)行來回碾壓，合理控制碾壓節(jié)奏，對碾壓后的路面平整度進(jìn)行檢測，防止單一化的碾壓缺陷弊病問題擴(kuò)散蔓延而導(dǎo)致整體性碾壓缺陷。在碾壓速度方面，應(yīng)根據(jù)碾壓接頭區(qū)域等狀況進(jìn)行交叉碾壓，在數(shù)遍碾壓完成之后，對最終碾壓效果進(jìn)行評價(jià)分析，確保其符合碾壓施工技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。

　　Under construction technology conditions, how to scientifically compact asphalt concrete pavement to ensure compaction strength and quality has always been one of the key and difficult issues in asphalt concrete pavement construction. In the compaction process, the most suitable compaction equipment must be selected according to the relevant construction technology requirements. Asphalt concrete compaction construction is divided into three stages: initial compaction, re compaction, and final compaction. Steel wheel vibratory rollers, rubber wheel rollers, and other equipment are used for back and forth compaction, and the compaction rhythm is reasonably controlled. The flatness of the road surface after compaction is tested to prevent the spread of single compaction defects and overall compaction defects. In terms of rolling speed, cross rolling should be carried out according to the conditions of the rolling joint area. After several rounds of rolling, the final rolling effect should be evaluated and analyzed to ensure that it meets the requirements of the rolling construction technical standards.

　　2.5   施工縫的處理

　　2.5 Treatment of construction joints

　　瀝青路面施工縫處理的好壞直接影響到道路的平整度。施工縫有縱向接縫和橫向接縫，其中縱向接縫的處理需要在攤鋪過程中完成，有冷接茬和熱接茬兩種處理方式。施工時(shí)碾壓機(jī)械預(yù)留區(qū)域攤鋪處可不予碾壓，然后通過熱接茬處理方法，形成攤鋪重疊層，通過快接縫消除縫隙。在此基礎(chǔ)上，實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械碾壓接縫處理與人工處理方法的相互配合，人工將多余的碾壓廢棄原材料進(jìn)行鏟除?？茖W(xué)控制碾壓寬度，向新鋪面層緩緩移動(dòng)。對路面接縫處理效果進(jìn)行跟蹤監(jiān)測，選擇相應(yīng)的監(jiān)測儀器與設(shè)備對接縫處理效果進(jìn)行處理，在相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范條件的約束下實(shí)現(xiàn)路面接縫處理效果的最優(yōu)化。橫向接縫有斜接縫和平接縫兩種。施工時(shí)橫向接縫不宜在毛勒縫區(qū)域附近，以確保毛勒縫兩側(cè)的路面具有充分良好的光滑效果。

　　The quality of asphalt pavement construction joint treatment directly affects the smoothness of the road. There are longitudinal and transverse joints in construction joints, and the treatment of longitudinal joints needs to be completed during the paving process. There are two treatment methods: cold joint and hot joint. During construction, the reserved area for mechanical compaction may not be compacted at the paving site. Then, a hot joint treatment method is used to form an overlapping layer of paving, and gaps are eliminated through quick joints. On this basis, the coordination between mechanical compaction joint treatment and manual treatment methods is achieved, and excess compaction waste raw materials are manually removed. Scientifically control the compaction width and slowly move towards the new pavement layer. Track and monitor the effectiveness of road joint treatment, select corresponding monitoring instruments and equipment to process the joint treatment effect, and achieve the optimization of road joint treatment effect under the constraints of relevant technical specifications. There are two types of horizontal seams: diagonal seams and flat seams. During construction, horizontal joints should not be located near the Mohr joint area to ensure that the road surface on both sides of the Mohr joint has a sufficiently smooth effect.

　　3、   瀝青混凝土路面施工質(zhì)量控制措施探討

　　3. Discussion on Quality Control Measures for Asphalt Concrete Pavement Construction

　　3.1   加強(qiáng)路面攤鋪施工管理控制

　　3.1 Strengthen the management and control of road paving construction

　　建立健全瀝青混凝土路面攤鋪施工管理體制，將所有潛在影響攤鋪質(zhì)量的因素進(jìn)行識別分析，為攤鋪施工技術(shù)方案的制定與實(shí)施提供可靠依據(jù)與保障，防止攤鋪施工過程中發(fā)生技術(shù)性偏移。

　　Establish a sound management system for asphalt concrete pavement paving construction, identify and analyze all potential factors that may affect paving quality, provide reliable basis and guarantee for the formulation and implementation of paving construction technology plans, and prevent technical deviations during the paving construction process.

　?。?）要通過瀝青混凝土施工技術(shù)的工藝控制，確保攤鋪過程的連續(xù)性，防止不必要的攤鋪中斷。

　　(1) To ensure the continuity of the paving process and prevent unnecessary paving interruptions through the process control of asphalt concrete construction technology.

　?。?）需要控制鋪路機(jī)與運(yùn)料車之間的距離，避免二者之間距離過大或過小而導(dǎo)致攤鋪效果的失控。創(chuàng)新攤鋪施工管理技術(shù)方法，將現(xiàn)代精細(xì)化施工管理理念融入瀝青混凝土施工全過程，從宏觀角度把握攤鋪施工管理質(zhì)效，如圖2所示。

　　(2) It is necessary to control the distance between the paving machine and the material transport vehicle to avoid excessive or insufficient distance between the two, which may cause the paving effect to lose control. Innovate paving construction management techniques and methods, integrate modern refined construction management concepts into the entire process of asphalt concrete construction, and grasp the quality and efficiency of paving construction management from a macro perspective, as shown in Figure 2.

　　圖2   施工質(zhì)量目標(biāo)體系示意

　　Figure 2 Schematic diagram of construction quality objective system

　　3.2   積極引進(jìn)信息化施工質(zhì)量控制手段

　　3.2 Actively introduce information technology construction quality control measures

　　現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，為瀝青混凝土路面施工質(zhì)量控制提供了更為豐富的技術(shù)手段，使施工質(zhì)量管理人員在工具與方法選擇方面更具靈活性，使得以前技術(shù)條件下難以完成的瀝青混凝土施工質(zhì)量控制任務(wù)具備了更大的可操作性。搭建基于信息技術(shù)的瀝青混凝土施工質(zhì)量控制平臺(tái)，將瀝青混凝土的施工過程與工藝效果清晰直觀地展現(xiàn)出來，對瀝青混凝土路面的施工狀態(tài)進(jìn)行仿真模擬，對各類質(zhì)量控制數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行高效加工與分析。通過信息化技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，可構(gòu)建瀝青混凝土路面施工數(shù)據(jù)模型，對相應(yīng)的技術(shù)參數(shù)進(jìn)行模型化處理，為新時(shí)期瀝青混凝土路面施工注入新鮮動(dòng)力。

　　The rapid development of modern science and technology has provided richer technical means for the quality control of asphalt concrete pavement construction, making construction quality management personnel more flexible in tool and method selection, and enabling greater operability of asphalt concrete construction quality control tasks that were previously difficult to complete under technical conditions. Build an information technology-based asphalt concrete construction quality control platform to clearly and intuitively display the construction process and process effects of asphalt concrete, simulate the construction status of asphalt concrete pavement, and efficiently process and analyze various quality control data. Through the application of information technology, a data model for asphalt concrete pavement construction can be constructed, and the corresponding technical parameters can be modeled, injecting fresh energy into the construction of asphalt concrete pavement in the new era.

　　3.3   提高瀝青混凝土路面施工人員綜合技能

　　3.3 Improve the comprehensive skills of asphalt concrete pavement construction personnel

　　定期組織瀝青混凝土施工人員參加專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)與學(xué)習(xí)，由業(yè)內(nèi)專業(yè)人士為其講解當(dāng)前瀝青混凝土路面施工所面臨的新形勢，系統(tǒng)性掌握關(guān)于瀝青混凝土物理性能、路面結(jié)構(gòu)、設(shè)備操作等方面的專業(yè)理論知識，提高對各類機(jī)械設(shè)備的實(shí)操技能。強(qiáng)化瀝青混凝土路面施工人員的責(zé)任意識與質(zhì)量意識，確保對所有潛在的攤鋪施工質(zhì)量缺陷問題能夠予以精準(zhǔn)識別與反饋，嚴(yán)格落實(shí)施工責(zé)任制。選擇合理規(guī)范的評價(jià)指標(biāo)，對瀝青混凝土路面施工的階段性效果進(jìn)行有效評價(jià)。

　　Regularly organize asphalt concrete construction personnel to participate in special training and learning, with industry professionals explaining the new situation faced by asphalt concrete pavement construction, systematically mastering professional theoretical knowledge about the physical properties of asphalt concrete, pavement structure, equipment operation, etc., and improving practical skills in various mechanical equipment. Strengthen the responsibility and quality awareness of asphalt concrete pavement construction personnel, ensure accurate identification and feedback of all potential paving construction quality defects, and strictly implement the construction responsibility system. Select reasonable and standardized evaluation indicators to effectively evaluate the phased effects of asphalt concrete pavement construction.

　　綜上所述，受瀝青混凝土路面施工工藝及技術(shù)要求等方面要素的影響，當(dāng)前道路路面施工實(shí)踐中依舊存在諸多薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，阻礙著瀝青路面施工整體質(zhì)量的優(yōu)化提升。因此，有關(guān)人員應(yīng)該從工程的客觀實(shí)際需求出發(fā)，充分遵循瀝青混凝土路面施工技術(shù)的基本原理，創(chuàng)新施工技術(shù)方法，優(yōu)化施工工藝流程，為全面提升瀝青混凝土施工質(zhì)量奠定基礎(chǔ)，為全面促進(jìn)市政公路工程事業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展保駕護(hù)航。

　　In summary, influenced by factors such as the construction process and technical requirements of asphalt concrete pavement, there are still many weak links in the current road pavement construction practice, which hinder the optimization and improvement of the overall quality of asphalt pavement construction. Therefore, relevant personnel should start from the objective practical needs of the project, fully follow the basic principles of asphalt concrete pavement construction technology, innovate construction technology methods, optimize construction process flow, lay the foundation for comprehensively improving the quality of asphalt concrete construction, and safeguard the high-quality development of municipal highway engineering.

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